                              RADIORAFT 3.21
                       RADIO SIGNAL DECODER SOFTWARE
                Copyright (c) 1996-2002 by Francois Guillet
                            All rights reserved.

                      MODES AND OPTIONS USER'S GUIDE

                   --------------------------------------
This file is the "on line" help of RadioRaft. Don't open this file outside
of RadioRaft: use preferably the help file "RaftAide.htm" that you may
visualize from your Internet browser in much better conditions.
                   --------------------------------------
                         The 30 modes of RadioRaft


 ACARS-VHF         ARQ-E         ARQ-E3     ARQ-M2 (+si-fec)  ARQ-M4
 ARQ-N             ARQ-6/90      ARQ-6/98   ASCII           AUTOSPEC
 BAUDOT            CIS11         CW (Morse) DGPS            DUP-ARQ (Artrac)
 FEC-A (FEC-1000)  GMDSS-DSC     HNG-FEC    PACKET (Ax25)   PACTOR-I
 POCSAG (1)        POL-ARQ       RUM-FEC    SI-ARQ (Arq-s)  SITOR-A (Amtor-A)
 SITOR-B (Amtor-B) SPREAD        SWED-ARQ   UOSAT Oscar-11  1382
 BaudMtre         DIGIT

                   (1) Pocsag needs an interface with hysteresis adjustment



Contents:                                   See also the RADIORAFT USER'S
GUIDE

       1. ASYNCHRONOUS or QUASI-SYNCHRONOUS MODES
            1. ASCII
                 a. ASCII characteristics
                 b. ASCII options
                 c. Parity check
                 d. Synchronous treatment
                 e. Invert ASCII code
            2. UOSAT
                 a. UOSAT characteristics
                 b. UOSAT options
            3. BAUDOT
                 a. Baudot characteristics
                 b. Baudot options
                 c. Auto-shift
                 d. Reversed shift
       2. ARQ SEMI-DUPLEX MODES
            1. ARQ-6/90, ARQ-6/98
            2. DUP-ARQ
            3. PACTOR-I
                 a. Pactor-I characteristics
                 b. Pactor-I options
                       + Checksum
                       + Auto CRC
                       + Custom CRC
            4. SI-ARQ
            5. SITOR-A
            6. SWED-ARQ
       3. ARQ FULL-DUPLEX MODES
            1. ARQ-E
            2. ARQ-E3
            3. ARQ-M2, SI-FEC
                 a. Arq-m2 characteristics
                 b. Arq-m2 options
                 c. SI-FEC
            4. ARQ-M4
                 a. Arq-m4 characteristics
                 b. Arq-m4 options
            5. ARQ-N
            6. POL-ARQ
       4. FEC MODES
            1. AUTOSPEC
            2. CIS11
            3. DGPS
                 a. Dgps characteristics
                 b. Dgps messages display
                 c. Dgps options
                       + Stop on error
                       + Display hex data
                       + Z-count in time format
            4. FEC-A
            5. HNG-FEC
                 a. Hng-fec characteristics
                 b. Hng-fec options
                       + Auto-shift
                       + Reversed shift
            6. POCSAG
                 a. Pocsag characteristics
                 b. Pocsag messages display
                 c. Pocsag options
                       + Checksum
                       + Error correction
                       + End of message on {nul}
                       + All messages
                       + Alphanumerics
                       + Text only
                       + Numerics
                       + Disable empty messages
            7. RUM-FEC
                 a. Rum-fec characteristics
                 b. Rum-fec options
                       + Auto-shift
                       + Reversed shift
            8. SITOR-B, NAVTEX
                 a. Sitor-B characteristics
                 b. NAVTEX
            9. SPREAD
           10. 1382
                 a. 1382 characteristics
                 b. 1382 options
                       + Start on {Stx}
                       + Stop on {Etx}
                       + Stop on error
       5. PACKET MODES
            1. ACARS-VHF
                 a. Acars-vhf characteristics
                 b. Acars-vhf messages display
                 c. Acars-vhf options
            2. GMDSS-DSC
                 a. Gmdss-dsc characteristics
                 b. Gmdss-dsc messages display
            3. PACKET (Packet radio)
                 a. Packet characteristics
                 b. Packet messages display
                 c. Packet options
                       + Cheksum
                       + Whole packet
                       + Data only
                       + Address only
                       + Destination filter, Source filter
       6. OTHER MODES
            1. BaudMeter
            2. CW
            3. DIGIT
                 a. Digit characteristics
                 b. Digit options
                       + Words size
                       + Words by rows
                       + Code...
                       + Acars type
                       + Synchronous mode
                       + Stop on missing signal
                       + Delta
                       + Parity
                       + Reverse 0/1
                       + Even / Odd bits
                       + Binary / Hexadecimal
       7. LIST OF SOME FREQUENCIES
       8. GLOSSARY

The menu "Modes" in RadioRaft allows you to select a mode. The command
"Options..." in this menu allows you to access options available for the
current mode.
The key F6 permits you to access directly to the menu "options".

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                  ASYNCHRONOUS or QUASI-SYNCHRONOUS MODES

These modes use a start bit (0) at the beginning of each character, and one
or several stop bits (1) at the end. Each character can be transmitted at
any time. The stop bit has duration of 1 or 1.5 times the duration of other
bits. Transmissions of this type are numerous, especially those using the
Baudot code.

Nevertheless many stations use a stop bit of normal duration and transmit
characters consecutively, resulting in a quasi-synchronous transmission.

              Modes of this type that RadioRaft decodes are:

                                   ASCII

The names of ASCII modes in RadioRaft are:

   * ASCII-1: 7 bits code, 1 stop bit, no parity.
   * ASCII-1-0: 7 bits, 1 stop bit, even parity
   * ASCII-1-1: 7 bits, 1 stop bit, odd parity
   * ASCII-2: 7 bits, 2 stop bits, no parity.
   * ASCII-2-0: 7 bits, 2 stop bits, even parity
   * ASCII-2-1: 7 bits, 2 stop bits, odd parity
   * ASCII8-1: 8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
   * ASCI8-1-0: 8 bits, 1 stop bit, even parity
   * ASCI8-1-1: 8 bits, 1 stop bit, odd parity

ASCII characteristics

Protocol: 1 start bit (0), 1 codeword, 1 or none parity bit, 1 or several
stop bits (1) of normal duration.

Code: 7 bits ASCII characters also known as ITA 5 or IRA (128 characters
set). 8 bit characters are also sometimes used (256 characters set).

Current speeds: 110, 200, 300, 600, 1200 bauds

Current modulation: FSK



ASCII options

Parity check (enabled by default)

This option enables or disables the parity check.

If it is disabled, erroneous characters are displayed as they would have no
parity error. A wrong character can be displayed in place of the right one.

If it is enabled and there is a parity error, an error character is
displayed (ASCII 126, ~).

This option has no effect on ASCII modes without parity.

Synchronous treatment (enabled by default)

RadioRaft supposes that characters are transmitted consecutively with no
delay between following characters, resulting in a quasi-synchronous
transmission. This improves the decoding.

You must disable this option with pure asynchronous transmissions (for ex.
manual transmission with delay between characters).

Invert ASCII code

Inverts the order of low and high bits in the ASCII code. Generally you
don't need to enable this option because ASCII transmissions send always
the low bit the first, what RadioRaft is expecting.



                                   UOSAT

UOSAT-Data Oscar-11 characteristics

Code, protocol: same as ASCII-2-0 or ASCI8-1-0

Current speed: 1200 bauds

Current modulation: FFSK 1200/2400 Hz

Use: UOSAT data from the satellite OSCAR-11: information or telemetry.



UOSAT options

Same as ASCII. UOSAT data transmissions send ASCII text with or without a
parity bit. By default RadioRaft doesn't check the parity.



                                   BAUDOT

The names of Baudot modes in RadioRaft are:

   * BAUDOT: pure asynchronous Baudot mode.
   * BAUDOT-1: Baudot mode with 1 stop bit and handled as a synchronous
     mode.
   * BAUDOT-2: Baudot mode with 2 stop bits and handled as a synchronous
     mode.
   * BAUDOT1-1: Baudot mode with 1 stop bit and 1 odd parity bit and
     handled as a synchronous mode.

Baudot characteristics

This mode is sometimes named RTTY.

Protocol: 1 start bit (0), 1 codeword, 1 or several stop bit (1). Generally
the stop bit has duration of 1.5 times the duration of other bits.

Code: Baudot or ITA2, 32 characters set, 5 bit words. Well known code, it
is the most commonly used (telex, press agencies...).

Current speeds: 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: press agencies, aeronautical weather report, radioamateur,
military, ship traffic

This name comes from J.BAUDOT, French engineer who invented in 19th century
the 5 elements telegraph (1 element for each finger, a character was coded
with the hand!)



Baudot options

These options are available only in manual mode (by clicking on "Manual" in
the main menu or hitting key F4) and in the pure Baudot mode (not available
in Baudot-1, Baudot-2, Baudot1-1).

Auto-shift (enabled by default)

RadioRaft finds automatically the right shift

Reversed shift

Clicking on "Reversed shift" inhibits the automatic shift detection, and
then switches to the normal or reversed shift, which can improve the
decoding if the signal is disturbed.



  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           ARQ SEMI-DUPLEX MODES

These modes are only used in bilateral transmissions. A station transmits
the text in blocks of several characters, then switches to reception and
waits for an acknowledgment of its addressee (ARQ = Automatic Repetition
reQuest).

The code or the protocol permits to know if errors occur in a block.

In case of negative acknowledgment, the block is repeated.

The 2 stations are synchronized.

The direction of the transmission can be reversed by the transmission of a
particular characters sequence. The 2 stations are generally on the same
frequency, but it is not a rule (for ex. ship traffic uses separate
transmission/reception frequencies).

RadioRaft receives the blocks and ignores acknowledgments.

Repetitions are canceled to obtain a very readable text (in case of bad
link between the 2 stations, repetitions can indeed be very frequent, up to
several minutes). However an option allows you to view the repetitions and
the special characters (menu "Display/Display control codes").

                          Modes of this type are:

                             ARQ-6/90, ARQ-6/98

Protocol: transmission of blocks of 6 characters. Duration of a block 210
ms, time between 2 blocks 240 ms for ARQ-6/90 and 280 ms for ARQ-6/98.

Code: CCIR-476-4, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speed: 200 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: diplomatic traffic



                                  DUP-ARQ

Protocol: transmission of 32 bit blocks containing:

   * 1 parity bit
   * 5 bits checksum word (Hamming code)
   * 2 codewords
   * 1 bit
   * 3 codewords

The checksum and the parity bit permits to detect errors in the whole
block.

Code: Baudot (ITA2), 32 characters set, 5 bit words.

Current speed: 125 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: diplomatic traffic



                                  PACTOR-I

RadioRaft decodes only PACTOR version I.

Pactor-I characteristics

Protocol: transmission a phasing byte followed by 96 or 192 bits block
containing:

   * a header byte
   * 8 or 20 data bytes (8 at 100 bauds, 20 at 200 bauds)
   * a status byte
   * a 16 bits CRC (cyclic redundant checksum) based on a polynomial code
     that allows error detection.

Code: none. Any type of data can be placed in the data bytes. When text is
transmitted, either ASCII 8 bits is used or text is compressed with an
Huffman code.

Current speed: 100 and 200 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: radioamateur, humanitarian organisations, miscellaneous



Pactor-I options

Checksum

If you disable this option (enabled by default), RadioRaft will not check
the CRC and could display blocks with errors.

Auto CRC

Some PACTOR-I versions use special CRC for a private use. With this option
enabled, RadioRaft decodes the common "public" version (CRC=0) or all other
"customized" version by detecting the right CRC.

Custom CRC

RadioRaft displays in this field the CRC it detects. You can also enter
yourself the CRC. This permits to reduce the time to synchronize or to
prevent RadioRaft from decoding other Pactor mode (Auto CRC must be set).



                                   SI-ARQ

Protocol: transmission of blocks of 4, 5, 6 or 7 characters with alternate
polarities except in case of repetition. The time between 2 blocks is equal
to the time of a block.

Code: CCIR 342-3, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speed: 96 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

RadioRaft particulars: In RadioRaft the modes are named: SI-ARQx with x=4,
5, 6 or 7 depending on the block size.
The masking of repetitions, contrarily to SITOR-A, never entails a loss of
text.



                                  SITOR-A

Protocol: CCIR Recommendation 476-4. Transmission of blocks of 3
characters. Duration of a block 210 ms, time between 2 blocks 240 ms.

Code: CCIR 476-4, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speed: 100 bauds

Current modulation: FSK (current shift: 170 Hz).

Main use: ship traffic, radioamateur, police

RadioRaft particulars: If 2 successive blocks are similar, RadioRaft
considers it is a block repetition, and does not display the second block.
This criterion of decision that there is repetition can sometimes entail
the loss of text (for ex. during highlighting, several blocks "---" are
transmitted, and RadioRaft wrongly considers there are repetitions.
Nevertheless this event is rare.
RadioRaft identifies the transmission of a selective call and display the
callsign following by the text: {Selcall}.
RadioRaft doesn't not translate the 4 letters callsign in digits for the
maritime station identification.
RadioRaft doesn't support the new CCIR Recommendation 625-2 for the 9
digits ship station identification.

The ear can easily identify this mode: it sounds like the chirping of the
cricket.



                                  SWED-ARQ

Protocol: transmission of blocks of 3, 9 or 22 characters.

   * Duration of a 3 characters block 210 ms, time between 2 blocks 240 ms.
   * Duration of a 9 characters block 630 ms, time between 2 blocks 240 ms.
   * Duration of a 22 characters block 1540 ms, time between 2 blocks 240
     ms.

Code: CCIR 476-4, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speed: 100 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: diplomatic traffic

RadioRaft particulars: The change of block length and timing is automatic
according to the link conditions. RadioRaft detects automatically the
change of block sizes.
When block is 3 characters length, this mode is strictly identical with
SITOR-A. RadioRaft decodes the 3 characters block of the SWED-ARQ mode as
the SITOR-A mode, the only difference being that a selcall is not
identified.
Repetitions are canceled as in SITOR-A.



  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           ARQ FULL-DUPLEX MODES

These modes are generally used for bilateral connections and need these
stations have simultaneous transmission and reception on separate
frequencies.

They are used for the military and diplomatic traffic and were used on
international telex circuits. In case of bad links between the two
stations, there are repetitions by cycles of 4, 5 or 8 characters.

As with ARQ semi-duplex modes, RadioRaft inhibits repetitions, except if
the opposite option is set (menu "View/Display control codes").



                                   ARQ-E

Protocol: 3 or 7 erect characters follow 1 reversed character, and so on.
In case of repetition, a special character RQ is transmitted. It is
followed par 3 or 7 repeated characters.

Code: ARQ-E, 35 characters set, 7 bit words. 32 characters are formed by: 1
bit 0, 5 bits of the Baudot code and 1 odd parity bit for the detection of
errors. 3 supplementary characters are added (RQ and synchronization alpha
and beta).

Current speeds: 96, 192 bauds

The characters polarity indicator is always 0101 or 1111 or respectively
7F7F or 7777 if the shift is reversed.

Main use: military and diplomatic traffic



                                   ARQ-E3

Protocol: 1 erect character is followed by 3 or 7 reversed characters, and
so on. In case of repetition, a special character RQ is transmitted. It is
followed par 3 or 7 repeated characters.

Code: CCIR 342-3, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speeds: 48, 96, 192 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: military and diplomatic traffic

RadioRaft particular: the characters polarity indicator is always 0101 or
1111 or respectively 7F7F or 7777 if the shift is reversed.



                               ARQ-M2, SI-FEC

Arq-m2 characteristics

Protocol: CCIR 342 and 242. It allows the division of the link in 2
transmission channels, characters interleaved. The characters have a normal
or reversed polarity.

Code: CCIR 342-3, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speeds: 96, 192 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: military and diplomatic traffic, formerly international telex
circuits

RadioRaft particular: the characters polarity indicator in hexadecimal
indicates the polarity of the 16 latest received characters (for more
details see "The first screen line" in the main documentation).
These bit patterns are defined by the CCIR but some stations use different
patterns. RadioRaft decode all of them.
In CCIR-342, the pattern is 1D1D (1717 with reversed shift).
In CCIR-242, 5555.



Arq-m2 options

This menu allows you to select the channel. You can select 1 of 2 channels,
named A and B.

The choice "All" allows to simultaneously view the 2 channels: it is
interesting to see if there is traffic without having to switch from one
channel to another. In this case 2 channels being character by character
interleaved, you have not a clear text, except if the traffic is
transmitted on only one channel, while idle characters are transmitted on
the other one.



SI-FEC

This mode is unusual. It is not implemented in RadioRaft as a full mode,
but the ARQ-M2 RadioRaft routine can automatically decode it, without
undertaking the error correction.
The choice of the channel has no importance: the 2 channels transmit the
same message.
The polarity indicator is 5555.



                                   ARQ-M4

Arq-m4 characteristics

Protocol: it is defined by CCIR 342 and 242 and allows the division of the
link in 4 transmission channels, characters and bits interleaved.

Code: CCIR 342-3, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speeds: 96, 192 bauds

Main use: military and diplomatic traffic, formerly international telex
circuits.

RadioRaft particulars: characters have a normal or reversed polarity. The
polarity indicator in hexadecimal indicates the polarity of the 16 latest
received characters (for more details see "The first screen line" in the
main documentation).
The bits patterns are defined by the CCIR but some stations use different
patterns. RadioRaft decode all of them.
In CCIR-342, the pattern is 1D1D (1717 with reversed shift).
In CCIR-242, 5555.



Arq-m4 options

This menu allows you to select the channel. You can select 1 of 4 channels,
named A to D.
You can also see the traffic of both channels A and C, or B and D.

The choice "All" allows to simultaneously view the 4 channels: it is
interesting to see if there is traffic without having to switch from one
channel to another. In this case the channels being character by character
interleaved, it is difficult to have a clear text, except if the traffic is
transmitted in only one channel, while filling characters are transmitted
in the others.



                                   ARQ-N

Protocol: all characters are transmitted consecutively with the same
polarity. A repetition consists of the RQ character followed by 3 repeated
characters.

Code: ARQ-E, 35 characters set, 7 bit words. 32 characters are formed by: 1
bit (0), 5 bits of the Baudot code and 1 odd parity bit for the detection
of errors. 3 supplementary characters are added (RQ and synchronization
alpha and beta).

Current speed: 96 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

The polarity indicator is always 0000 (or FFFF if the shift is reversed).



                                  POL-ARQ

Protocol: all characters are transmitted consecutively with the same
polarity. A repetition consists of the RQ character followed by 4 repeated
characters.

Code: CCIR-476-4, 35 characters set, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set
to 1 for the detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speed: 100 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: diplomatic traffic

 Some stations use a similar mode at 50 bauds. RadioRaft can decode it but
                      messages are always encrypted.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                 FEC MODES

These modes are used for broadcasting (e.g. transmission from a station to
the destination of one or several others, with protection against errors:
FEC = Forward Error Correction).

                                  AUTOSPEC

Protocol: characters are transmitted consecutively.

Code: Bauer code, 32 character set, 10 bit words (5 bits like ITA2 and 5
bits for the error detection and correction by a Hamming code).

Standard speeds: 62.3, 68.5, 102.6 and 137 Bauds.

Current modulation: FSK



                                   CIS11

Protocol: characters are transmitted consecutively.

Code: 11 bit words, 32 characters set (5 bits of the Baudot code, 2
synchronization bits and 4 bits for the error detection and correction by a
Hamming code).

Current speeds: 75, 100 bauds.

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: aeronautical weather report from eastern Europe.



                                    DGPS

Dgsp characteristics

Protocol: transmission of frames of codewords. The number of words in a
frame depends on the message type and is variable in the same type, not
exceeding 33.
The first codeword contains an 8 bits preamble, the message type (6 bits)
and the station Id (10 bits).
The second codeword gives the "Modified Z-count" (13 bits) which is the
start time of the next frame preamble, the sequence number (3 bits), the
length of the frame (5 bits) which is the number of codewords following
this one and the station health (3 bits).

The 2 first codewords are common to all messages. The meaning of the next
ones depends on the message type.

Code: 30 bit words:

   * 24 data bits
   * 6 bits for the CRC (cyclic redundant checksum), based on a polynomial
     code that allows error detection.

Current speeds: 100, 200 bauds. Other rates are also possible but not used.

Current modulation: MSK

Main use: worldwide transmissions of corrections to improve the accuracy of
data received from GPS devices. The transmitters are located on the costs
and intended to the maritime service. They transmit in the hectometric band
around 300 Khz, with a range around 100-200 Kms.

RadioRaft particulars:

   * A real MSK demodulation would require the receiver passes audio
     frequencies as low as 100 hz. The most of the receivers doesn't permit
     it. So RadioRaft demodulates DGPS by using the ordinary FSK
     demodulation routine.
     IMPORTANT: tune preferably your receiver to low audio frequencies
     around 300-800 Hz to get the best results. It is due to the very low
     shift used by MSK (50 hz at 100 bauds).
   * RadioRaft decodes each field of the 2 first words which are common to
     all messages and give the identity of the station. The next words are
     displayed as 3 hex data bytes. Nevertheless RadioRaft decodes the
     whole messages 3 (reference station parameters), 5 (satellite
     constellation health), 7 (station almanach) and 16 (Ascii plain text).
     The occurence of these messages depend on the stations. Messages 16
     are rare.
   * MSK is very sensitive to noise and interferences. Use narrow filter
     with your receiver.

Dgsp messages display



Refer to recommendation ITU-R M.823 to interpret the different fields. Here
they are in brief:

   * First line:

MSG xx  Station 463  Z-Time 37:4.2  Sequence:0  Length:12  Health:0

MSG: xx is the message type
Station: reference station number
Z-time: modified Z-count, time at which the corrections are computed in
unit of 0.6 sec. See the options.
Sequence: sequence number (0-7), increments on each frame
Length: frame length, number of words following this one (0-31)
Health: station health (0-7)

   * Other lines:
        o For all messages but 3, 5, 7, 16, data are displayed as hex values:

Data: 012345 6789AB 1A2B3C...

        * Message 3 (reference station parameters, coordinates
          according to WGS84 format):

Station coordinates (mtrs): X= 4296717.12 Y= -263398.80 Z= 4690668.64

        * Message 5 (satellite constellation health):

Satellite 23  IOD:0  Data healthy  Sat S/N not tracked  Sat healthy
 No new IOD   Loss of satellite warning in (mn): 35

For each satellite:

Satellite number
IOD: Issue Of Data
Data healthy (or unhealthy)
Sat S/N not tracked (otherwise the signal to noise ratio is given in
Db(Hz))
Sat healthy (consider sat healthy even if data unhealthy)
No new IOD (or New IOD soon)
Loss of satellite... if scheduled, time remaining before loss

        * Message 7 (station almanach):

  Position: 4738'48.1" North   330'36.0" West
  Range: 170 Km Frequency: 298.0 Khz R/beacon operation normal
  Tx.Id: 332 100 Bauds MSK synchronous No added coding

For each beacon in the almanach:

Position: lattitude and longitude of the station
Range: beacon service range
Frequency: beacon frequency
R/beacon operation normal: health of the beacon as plain text
Tx.Id: transmit station number. Don't confuse with "reference station
number".
100 bauds: data rate of the beacon
MSK: the modulation the beacon is using (also FSK)
Synchronous: synchro type (also asynchronous)
No added coding: broadcast coding (also "FEC coding")

        * Messages 16, ASCII text information follows this header.



Dgsp options

Stop on error

If an error is received in a word and this option is set, the next words
are not displayed. RadioRaft is waiting for the next frame.

Display hex data

You may avoid to display hex data by disabling this option. Only the 2
first words in a frame are displayed.

Z-count in time format

Option by default: the time is displayed in the MM:SS.t format (t = tenths
of second). If this option is not set, the time is displayed as received,
i.e. in multiple of 0.6 sec. This is the time elapsed since the previous
round hour, at which the corrections are computed.



                                   FEC-A

Protocol: transmission of 2 channels, bits interleaved. The characters of a
message are transmitted in one of the 2 channels and the bits of an error
correcting cyclic code in the second one.

Code: FEC-A, 7 bit words, 34 characters set. 32 characters are formed by: 1
bit (0), 5 bits of the Baudot code and 1 even parity bit for the detection
of errors. 2 supplementary characters are added (RQ and beta).

Current speeds: 96, 144, 192 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: military and diplomatic traffic, news.

RadioRaft particular: RadioRaft does not provide error correction.



                                  HNG-FEC

Hng-fec characteristics

Protocol: each bit of a character is spread on 64 bits and is interleaved
with the bits of other characters.

Code: 15 bit words for 5 effective data bits (redundancy for the error
correction), 32 characters set.

Current speed: 100.05 Bauds.

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: diplomatic traffic.

RadioRaft particular: if the shift is reversed, the decoding will be
correct because a reversed code word is also a valid code word. On the
other hand erroneous characters will be displayed. To alleviate this
difficulty, RadioRaft attempts to find the right shift by understanding
some transmitted characters. This needs time, and even fails if the
transmitted message is encrypted or if it contains some particular
sequences.



Hng-fec options

Auto-shift (enabled by default)

To enable/disable the automatic detection of the shift (enabled by
default).

Reversed shift

Clicking on "Reversed shift" inhibits the automatic shift detection, and
then switches to the normal or reversed shift.



                                   POCSAG

Pocsag characteristics

Protocol: transmission of lots of one synchronization word followed by 16
codewords containing addresses and numerical or alphanumerical data.

Code: 32 bit words:

   * 1 bit for indicating the word is an address codeword (1) or a message
     codeword (0)
   * 18 address bits and 2 function bits, or 20 data bits
   * 10 bits for the CRC (cyclic redundant checksum), a polynomial code
     that allows error detection and/or correction.
   * 1 even parity bit for the whole codeword

Bits for data can contain numerics or alphanumerics, depending on the pager
service.

Current speeds: 512, 600, 1200 and 2400 Bauds.

Modulation: DFSK at +/- 4.5 Khz.
IMPORTANT: As in DFSK the data signal directly modulates the HF carrier,
you would need to connect directly the interface to the FM discriminator of
your receiver, without capacitor. This permits to keep the continuous
component of the data signal when long series of  0 or 1 are transmitted.
Another simpler way is to use the classical interface connected to the
speacker output but having a hysteresis adjustment. It allows to maintain
the right level when the data signal is constant. In the Diagram of the
interface shown in the RadioRaft user's manual, the resistances R2/R3
permit to adjust the hysteresis.
You must adjust the signal level just above the threshold of hysteresis.
If you are using an ordinary interface, you will not be able to receive
POCSAG except if your receiver passes audio frequencies below 50 Hz which
is a bit out of ordinary.

RadioRaft particular: RadioRaft is able to correct 2 errors per word even
in the synchronization word.

Main use: POCSAG  is used on VHF and UHF for message transmissions to
pagers.



Pocsag message display

RadioRaft displays the address of the pager in octal, followed by the
service number (0: numerics, 3: alphanumerics), then the message. Examples:

6154773-0| 003312345678
7610321-3| Midnight! It's time you go home. Mummy.



Pocsag options

Checksum (enabled by default)

The display of messages is interrupted when a CRC error is encountered in a
codeword and the error cannot be corrected.

Error correction (enabled by default)

RadioRaft corrects possible errors. RadioRaft can correct 2 erroneous bits
by codeword even for the synchronization word.

End of message on {nul} (enabled by default)

The reception is stopped if an ASCII character NUL is encountered.

All messages (enabled by default)

The options "All messages", "Alphanumerics", "Text only" and "Numerics" are
mutually exclusive.
If "All messages" is active, RadioRaft displays all messages (numerics or
alphanumerics).

Alphanumerics

RadioRaft displays only alphanumerical messages.

Text only

RadioRaft displays only alphanumerical messages that contain at least one
letter.
The option permits to cancel pure numerical messages that are transmitted
to alphanumerical pagers.

Numerics

RadioRaft displays only numerical messages.

Disable empty messages

RadioRaft doesn't display messages without data.



                                  RUM-FEC

Rum-fec characteristics

Protocol: each bit of a character is spread on 129 bits and is interleaved
with the bits of other characters.

Code: 16 bit words for 5 effective data bits (redundancy for the error
correction), 34 characters set.

Current speeds: 164.5 and 218.3 Bauds.

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: diplomatic traffic.

RadioRaft particular: if the shift is reversed, the decoding will be
correct because a reversed code word is also a valid code word. On the
other hand erroneous characters will be displayed. To alleviate this
difficulty, RadioRaft attempts to find the right shift by understanding
some transmitted characters. This needs time, and even fails if the
transmitted message is encrypted, or if it contains some particular
sequences.

Due to the wide spread, the scanning needs at least 16 seconds of signal
before RadioRaft synchronizes.



Rum-fec options

Auto-shift (enabled by default)

To enable/disable the automatic detection of the shift.

Reversed shift

Clicking on "Reversed shift" inhibits the automatic shift detection, and
then switches to the normal or reversed shift.



                              SITOR-B, NAVTEX

The SITOR mode B is also known by radioamateurs as AMTOR mode B or TOR/FEC.

Sitor-B characteristics

Protocol: CCIR Recommendation 476-4. Transmission of 2 channels, characters
interleaved. One channel transmits the same message as the second one but
with a delay of 4 characters.
Error correction: if a character in the first channel is erroneous, it is
taken from the second channel.

Code: CCIR 476-4, 7 bit words, 4 of which are always set to 1 for the
detection of errors if this criterion is not verified.

Current speed: 100 bauds

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: weather reports, warnings to navigators and call lists for ships,
radioamateurs.



NAVTEX

NAVTEX is not a mode but a particular SITOR-B transmission of messages for
the urgent warnings to navigators, on 518 kHz.
The headers of such messages are formatted and the rest as plain text.
RadioRaft displays the headers as they are (no decoding of the numerical
fields) and the message body as plain text.



                                   SPREAD

Protocol: each character is spread on 11, 21 or 51 bits, each bit of a
character is interleaved with the bits of other characters.

Code: Bauer code, 10 bit words (5 bits like ITA2 and 5 bits for the error
correction by a Hamming code), 32 characters set.

Standard speeds: 62.3, 68.5, 102.6, 137 and 218.3 Bauds.

Current modulation: FSK

Main use: formerly diplomatic trafic

RadioRaft particular: the modes are named SPREADx where x=11, 21 or 51
depending on the spread.



                                    1382

1382 characteristics

Protocol: transmission of a bit pattern for the bit phasing, then a 32 bit
synchronisation word followed by the codewords

Code: 64 bit words containing 48 data bits and 12 bits for the error
detection by a cyclic code.
The 48 data bits may also include a convolutional code for the error
correction (not implemented in RadioRaft and not used by the pagers).

Standard speed: 1200 Bauds.

Current modulation: MSK 1200/1800 Hz.  Warning: this modulation is very
sensitive to noise or interferences.

Main use: used in France to transmit messages to pagers in emergency
services (similar to Pocsag). 1382 is also used to pass signalling in
private radiotelephone networks.

RadioRaft particular: 1382 is the reference of the protocol. RadioRaft
decodes only the version of 1382 used in emergency services, particularly
by firemen.



1382 Options

Start on {Stx}

Option by default : no text is displayed until ASCII code 02 (STX) is
received.

Stop on {Etx}

Option by default : text is not displayed after receiving ASCII code 03
(ETX).

Stop on error

RadioRaft stops the display after an error is encountered. This option is
disabled by default.



  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                               PACKET MODES

    These modes don't need that transmitting and receiving stations are
              synchronized. A packet can be sent at any time.

                                 ACARS-VHF

Acars-vhf characteristics

Protocol: Refer to ARINC characteristic 597-4. Packets contain:

   * "Pre-key"    16 characters of data at 1
   * Bit sync: 2 ASCII characters "+" and "*" to enable bit ambiguity
     resolution to be accomplished
   * Character sync: ASCII control code SYN to establish character
     synchronization
   * Start of heading: ASCII character SOH
   * Mode: 1 character. Refer to ARINC Characteristic 597-4.
   * Address: 7 characters. Aircraft identification or aircraft or filght
     number registration mark
   * Acknowledgement: ASCII character ACK or NAK
   * Label: 2 characters to identify message routine and type.
   * Block: Uplink block identifier (1 character)
   * Text: ASCII character STX followed by the text of the message. Text is
     not always present in a message.
   * Suffix: ASCII character ETX.
   * BCS: block check sequence. Polynomanial code for the detection of
     errors (2 bytes).
   * BCS suffix: ASCII character ETB

Code: ASCII 7 bits + 1 even parity bit.

Current speed: 2400 bauds

Modulation on VHF: FFSK 1200/2400 Hz. The presence of 1200 Hz indicates a
bit change from the previous value, the presence of 2400 Hz indicates that
there is no bit change.

Particular: you need a receiver with a good audio quality to decode ACARS
messages, specially flat frequency and phase response.
On HF the modulation is very different. RadioRaft doesn't demodulate ACARS
HF modulation. It doesn't decode ACARS-HF.

Use:  earth/planes aeronautical information exchange.



Acars-vhf messages display

RadioRaft doesn't decode data fields of the Acars protocol. It displays the
field names followed by their contents as they are.

For example:

----Mode:J---Address:.F-ABCD---ACK:{NAK}---Label:Q3---Mode:A---Block:3
Text: Please book 2 seats tonight at Moulin Rouge. Landing Paris soon.

See above the ACARS protocol for the meaning of the fields. Text is
displayed as plain text but it can appear unclear when it is formatted for
technical information exchange.

Acars-vhf option

Checksum (enabled by default): the checksum control of the whole frame is
active. When disabled, frame including errors are nevertheless displayed as
well as characters with parity error.
In normal functioning, "Cheksum" must be enabled.



                                 GMDSS-DSC

Gmdss-dsc characteristics

Protocol: ITU-R M.493. Characters are transmitted by packets with an
error-check character for the entire sequence. Each character is
transmitted twice in a time-spread mode. The repetition of a character
occurs 4 character after its first transmission, as in SITOR-B.

Code: 10 bits words allowing error detection, 128 characters set.   Symbols
0 to 99 are used to transmit numerical values. The meaning of characters
100 to 127 depend on their position in the message and on the message
format.

Current speeds: 100 bauds (hectometric and shortwaves), 1200 bauds (VHF).

Current modulation: FSK. HF: shift is 170 Hz. VHF: shift is 800 Hz
(Mark/space: 1300/2100 Hz).

Main use: DSC is the selective calling mode of the Global Maritime Distress
and Safety System.

IMPORTANT RadioRaft particular: RadioRaft decode all DSC messages except:
distress relay, distress relay acknowledgement and selective call to a
group of ships in a particular geographic area. It decodes distress calls.



Gmdss-dsc messages display

Examples:

SelCall>   Address: 123-456789  Category: Safety
  Self-Id: 987-654321
  Message: F3E/G3E simplex telephone {RQ}

SelCall>   Address: 123-456789  Category: Routine
  Self-Id: 987-654321
  Message: None
  Rx frequency: 16419.5 Tx frequency: 16419.1 {BQ}

<<<DISTRESS CALL>>>
  Self-Id: 123-456789
  Nature: Collision
  Coordinates (lat/long):   NE 0429'  03315'   Time: 12:47
  Message: J3E telephone

Refer to recommendation ITU-R M.493 to interpret the different fields.

In brief:
The message begins with the format specifier of the message as plain text
(SelCall, Distress call...)
Address: 9 digits address of the ship or 10 digits address of a group of
ships
Category: category of the message (distress, urgency, safety, ship's
business, routine)
Self-Id: self-identification of the calling station. It is the maritime
mobile service identity (MMSI)
Message: message as plain text (coordinates, frequencies or channels, type
of communication...)
{BQ} or {RQ}: RQ if the call requires acknoledgement, BQ if it is an answer
to a call with RQ, nothing in other cases.

Nature: nature of the distress, in distress messages only.
Coordinates: position at the time of the distress call.
Time: time of the distress call.

RadioRaft adds {Checksum error} if the message contains at least an
erroneous character.



                           PACKET (Packet radio)

Packet characteristics

Protocol: AX25 (X25 variant protocol). Packet frames contain:

   * 1 or several "flag" byte
   * 7 bytes for the destination address including 1 SSID byte (Secondary
     Station IDentifier)
   * 7 bytes for the source address including 1 SSID byte
   * 0 up to 8 repeater addresses of 7 bytes each including 1 SSID byte
   * 1 control byte
   * 1 PID byte (protocol identifier)
   * none or several data bytes
   * 2 bytes for the CRC, based on a polynomial code.
   * 1 "flag" byte

Code: none. Any data types can be placed in the data bytes. When text is
transmitted, ASCII is used with the 8th bit at 0.

Current speeds: 300 (shortwaves only), 1200, 2400, 9600 bauds

Current modulation: FSK (except above 2400 bauds)

Packet messages display

For each PACKET frame, RadioRaft displays the call signs with the SSID of
the station of destination, of source and of possible repeaters, then the
control byte and the PID in hexadecimal format. Finally the possible
information text of the frame is displayed. A packet appears as follows:

A3XYZ -0<F6FLT -0\EA8XYZ-1\03/15/ HI ELMER! WHAT'S UP DOC?

(for ex. a message from F6FLT to A3XYZ via EA8XYZ, with the control byte =
03, and the PID = 15). Any information type can be transmitted in PACKET
(pictures, computer programs, text or sound files...).

The ASCII code is generally used for text transmissions. RadioRaft displays
the information content of a PACKET frame with the 8-bit ASCII code. If you
view frames of information containing a program or a picture, codes of the
file will be interpreted as ASCII characters and displayed as cabalistic
signs!

Packet options

Cheksum (enabled by default)

The checksum control is active. If disabled, frames including errors are
nevertheless displayed. In normal functioning, "Cheksum" must be enabled.

Whole packet (enabled by default)

Options "Whole packet", "Data only", "Address only" are mutually exclusive.

In normal functioning, "Whole packet" is enabled, and therefore all frame
data are displayed, with addresses.

Data only

Only call signs of destination, source and possible repeater stations with
their SSID will be displayed. Information data of the frames are not
displayed.

Address only

Only information data of the frames will be displayed. In association with
the filter, this option allows to follow the traffic from or to a
particular station.

Destination filter, Source filter

When you select "Destination filter" and/or "Source filter", displayed
messages are only those of a particular source station to a particular
destination station, of which you specify the call signs (during this
selection, RadioRaft positions automatically the cursor at the beginning of
the field for the text input).

If the 2 filters are active at the same time, only messages having both
destination and source call signs as addresses will be displayed.

Note - you must enter the call signs in upper case. If you indicate no call
sign, no more packets will be displayed because RadioRaft will be expecting
call signs with 6 spaces!

In normal functioning "Destination filter" and "Source filter" are
disabled. At any time you can enable or disable the filtering while the
call signs remain.



  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                OTHER MODES

                                 BaudMeter

The BaudMeter measures the speed of synchronous modes up to 300 bauds
within 0.5 baud. Speeds of asynchronous modes are generally not found,
except those having 1 start bit, 5 data bits and 1 or more stop bits as
Baudot. For other asynchronous modes, use the "DIGIT" mode.

The speed is in fact the "modulation rate". A small window appears and
displays the last measurement when it is available.

You can also use the "DIGIT" mode to measure the modulation rate (see this
mode).

BaudMeter option:

    Synchronous mode (enabled by default): you must disable this option to
measure speed of asynchronous transmission as Baudot. Only speed of
asynchronous modes with 1 start bit, 5 data bits and 1 or more stop bits
can be measured.
To measure any other asynchronous modes, see the option "Synchronous" of
the DIGIT mode.



                                     CW

This is the well-known Morse code.

WARNING: If you are using a MODEM, check that the "shift" specified in the
"Options" menu is right. The polarity indicator must indicate 1 when the
signal is present, 0 when there is no signal.

With the interface, the shift must be normal (not marked).

Protocol: none.

Code: Morse (invented by Samuel Morse)

Speed: any. RadioRaft adapts itself automatically to the transmission
speed. The speed is displayed in Bauds.

You can fix the speed by disabling the "scan-baud" or by entering a value
in the baud input field (menu "Bauds").

Usually, the CW speed is in Wpm, words per minute, but this is imprecise.
The Morse reference element is the duration of a dot. The "CW Baud" is
therefore the opposite of this duration. For ex: 20 Bauds correspond to a
dot duration of 1/20=50 ms (approximately 22 Wpm).

Modulation: AM, sometimes FSK.

RadioRaft perfectly decodes automatic transmissions in this mode, and "does
what it can" for manual transmissions by operator: most operators have
indeed a very consistent send rate, with the main default to paste letters
together. In these conditions only a trained human brain can distinguish
the meaning of --.--.... between:

QTH (--.- - ....) or QNS (--.- -. ...) or GT6 (--. - -....) or ...



                                   DIGIT

Digit characteristics

This mode is unique to RadioRaft. It allows you to view a transmission
bit-by-bit, in a binary or hexadecimal format, and to measure its speed.
The bits are grouped in words to facilitate viewing. When you start the
program, the display is initialized for 7 bits words, and 8 words rows (see
the options about this subject).

There is no correlation between these words and any character codes that
would be received: for example in the case of the reception of a CCIR-476
code, the 7 bits of a character can be in between 2 words. "DIGIT" ignores
the nature of the transmission. Keys F9/F10 allow to shift left or right
the bits display.

"DIGIT" is essentially a tool for analysis, to show exactly what is
received. This tool can also be used to decode unknown modes. It requires
the knowledge of the transmission speed. DIGIT automatically seeks the
valid speed.

Digit does not display anything as long as it has not found the speed. If
the scanning of the speed fails, you have to select it manually in the
"Bauds" menu. That forces the display of the received bits.

For the asynchronous modes, see below the option "Synchronous mode".

Digit options

Words size

This option sets the number of bits by word (1 to 252). The display in
hexadecimal format does not allow for exceeding 16-bit words. Above 16-bit
words, only the last 16 bits are processed. Click on the digits in the word
size field: a left click increases the value, a right click decreases it.
You can also press + or -.

Words by rows

This option sets the number of words in a row (1 to 32).

Code...

This command opens a menu for choosing the translation code you can use to
display the character corresponding to the last x bits (x is the number of
bits by character of the code. If x is minus than the size of words, only
the last x bits of words are taken for the translation.

For ex. RY transmitted in Baudot:

1001010 R|1010101 Y|1001010 R|1010101 Y...

For each word, the first bit 1 is a stop bit of the previous character. The
following 0 is the start bit of the character. The next 5 bits (01010 or
10101) are the baudot code of the character, used for the translation.

The menu "Code..." permits also to:

Invert H/L bits in words

It inverts the bits of high and low order before the translation.

Reverse 0/1 on error

It allows you to reverse all the bits and resume the translation, after a
first translation fails with an erroneous character (e.g. ratio 4/7
unchecked in CCIR-342 or 476, or word not found in the code set). This
allows you to display modes that use characters reversals (ARQ-M, ARQ-E).

Acars type

With FSK or FFSK modulation, a bit at 0 corresponds to the lower frequency,
a bit at 1 to the higher.

If you activate this option, the low frequency indicates a bit change from
the previous bit, the high frequency indicates that there is no change.

Synchronous mode

You must disable this option (enabled by default) to view bit-by-bit an
asynchronous transmission or to measure its speed.

In this case the knowledge of the number of bits by character is necessary:
you must set it in the option "Words size". If you want to view a Baudot
transmission for example, set "Words size" to 7 (=1 start bit + 5 bits of
the Baudot code + 1 stop bit). The speed of the transmission cannot be
found if the word size is not properly set.

Stop on missing signal

The bits display will be stopped if no data signal transition is
encountered within the time fixed in the menu "Options/Strategy/Time" (4
sec by default).

Delta

"Delta" allows you to display the transitions from the input signal instead
of the state of bits (an absence of transition corresponds to 0, a
transition to 1). For example enable this option to view a frame of an AX25
packet.

Parity

"Parity" allows you to display the parity of the last n received bits, n
being the number of bits by word.

Reverse 0/1

Reverses the display 0/1 in 1/0.

Even / Odd bits

To enable "odd or even bit" forces the display of only one by two bit of
odd or even rank, which allows you to view one channel of a transmission
with interleaved bits, like the ARQ-M4 or FEC-A modes.

Binary / Hexadecimal

The display is in binary or hexadecimal format. The hexadecimal is limited
to 16-bit words.



  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         LIST OF SOME FREQUENCIES

List of frequencies in Khz. These on shortwaves were monitored in France, during 1997-2002.
Modes are listed in alphabetical order and followed by the baud rate.
Types of modulation are indicated when not FSK.
The frequency is the mark except for modes with subcarrier where it is the carrier frequency (Acars, Pocsag...).

     ACARS-VHF
     ACARS 2400 FFSK

          Europe 131,725 131,825 131,525

          USA       131,550 130,025 129,125

          Asie/Pacific    131,550

          Japon  131,450

          Air Canada      131,475

     ARQ-E

          ARQ-E 72
          5242.8  5420.0  5458.9  6981.9  13417.9 16226.0

          ARQ-E 96
          12150.0 13387.0 13848.5 13944.0 15861.6

          ARQ-E 184.6
          4768.9  6928.8 7613.9 9259.0 10625.8 13572.5

          ARQ-E 192
          5062.8  6928.8  6975.8  14626.7 14926.7 14959.7 16143.7

          ARQ-E 288 (all encrypted)
          10749.5 13073.4 13419.0 16312.4 16457.0

     ARQ-E3

          ARQ-E3 48
          7831.6  7983.7  10917.7 14481.6

          ARQ-E3 96
          14438.2

          ARQ-E3 100
          10873.7 13444.2 16087.6 20633.6

          ARQ-E3 192
          6936.7  7606.5 9076.5 10103.5 10177.5 11110.5 12089.0
          13543.5 14626.5 14959.5 14927.5 15926.5 15962.6 16077.5
          16261.5 16324.5 17550.8 18042.6 18320.6 18503.7 19048.6
          19646.6 20716.6 20813.6

          ARQ-E3 200
          11098.1 13465.1 14585.6 15636.6 16310.1 18435.6 18447.6
          19063.6 19225.1

     ARQ-M2

          ARQ-M2 96
          7596.0

          ARQ-M2 200
          3628.6  3832.5  4765.1  5397.6  7642.6  8050.1
          8108.1  9907.6  10991.6 11518.1 13397.5 16125.1
          16165.1 16193.2 19385.1 20805.1 20845.1 20865.1

     ARQ6

          ARQ6/90 200
          16212.9 18526.9

     ASCII

          ASCII8-1  292
          10164.0

          ASCII8-1  300
          1851.0 1897.4 1975.0 2021.0 3224.5

          ASCI8-1-0 200
          129.0 138.8 (DCF49)

          ASCI8-2 600 (encrypted, ARQ protocols)
          12203.0 12204.7 12207.2 14888.2

     BAUDOT

     Very numerous frequencies. Only some are listed below. In this sample, there are stations with 1, 1.5 and 2 stop bits.

          BAUDOT 50
          0147.0  4583.0  7646.0  10213.0 11080.0 11462.0 12186.0

          BAUDOT 75
          4489.0  6483.0  9130.0

          BAUDOT 100
          4569.8  9040.8

          BAUDOT 150
          6348.0  8099.0  10484.0 12134.0 12140.0 13933.0
          14384.0 14779.0 14855.0 19365.0

          BAUDOT 200
          11459.9

          BAUDOT-1-0  75
          8568.1 (FUV)

     DGPS

          285 - 325 Khz band, channel spacing: 0.5 Khz.

     DUP-ARQ

          DUP-ARQ 125
          12262.3 13875.2 15675.8

     FEC-A

          FEC-A 96
          3826.3  6974.3  7916.0  7919.0  9361.9  13438.6
          13570.8 15933.1 18704.2

          FEC-A 144
          9060.0  16204.0

          FEC-A 192
          7634.0  9074.0  9259.0  9379.8  11035.0 11056.2
          11085.0 11173.3 13541.0 13952.9 14485.9 13533.8
          14545.0 15873.0 15898.0 16245.0 16260.0

     GMDSS

     International DSC frequencies

          GMDSS-DSC 100
          2187.5  4207.5  6312.0  8414.5  12577.0  16804.5

          GMDSS-DSC 1200
          156,525 (Ch.70)

     POCSAG (VHF)

          POCSAG 1200 DFSK
          France and Germany: many channels from 465,970 to 466,250, spacing: 12.5 khz.
          UK: around 140 and 155 Mhz.

     POL-ARQ

          POL-ARQ 100
          4016.8  4961.8  6769.0  6937.0  7484.0  7621.8
          10313.8 10389.0 11470.8 13466.8 13851.9 13916.8
          14903.1 15651.8 15791.9 18063.8

     RUM-FEC

          RUM-FEC 164.5
          3851.0  5246.3  5234.0  5252.0  5767.0  6853.0
          6857.0  8024.9  8027.0  8028.0  10493.0 10486.6
          10493.0 12204.8 13338.8 13445.9 13502.0 13497.8
          13549.0 13878.0 14681.0 16053.0 16059.0 16.345.1
          16347.8 17451.8 17456.0 17469.0 17483.3 18551.5

          RUM-FEC 218.3
          5248.1  6850.0  8012.5  8024.2  8029.0  10432.0
          10483.0 11416.5 11426.5 11457.0 11463.0 14520.7
          16054.0 16318.0 16321.0 16325.0 16327.0 16344.3
          16352.2

     SI-ARQ

          SI-ARQ5 96
          7892.5  18411.4

     SITOR-A and B

          SITOR-A and B 100
          Very numerous frequencies in marine bands, channel spacing: 0.5 Khz:
          4210.5 - 4219.0
          6314.5 - 6330.5
          8416.5 - 8435.0
          12579.5 - 12656.5
          16807.0 - 16902.5
          19681.0 - 19703.0
          22376.5 - 22443.5
          26101.0 - 26120.5

          SITOR-B 100 (NAVTEX)
          0518.0 (International, English)  0490.0 (National, vernacular)

     SWED-ARQ

          SWED-ARQ 100
          14970.0 15821.7 15822.5 15861.7 16106.9 18186.8

     1382

          1382 1200
          In France, output frequencies in the band 86.100-86.200. Channel spacing: 12.5 Khz. Input frequencies 3 Mhz below (83.100-83.200).

For more informations about utility radio stations (list of frequencies,
transmission modes...), please refer to the following guides and publishers



 - Guide to utility radio stations                    - Ferrell's
 - Shortwave frequency guide                          Confidential
 by Joerg Klingenfuss                                 Frequency list

 Klingenfuss Publications                             by Geoff
 Hagenloher Str. 14                                   Halligey
 D-72070 Tuebingen
 Germany
 Phone ++49 7071 62830                                PW Publishing
 Fax ++49 7071 600849                                 Ltd
 WEB                                                  Arrowsmith
 http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Klingenfuss Court
                                                      Broadstone
                                                      DORSET BH18
                                                      8PW
                                                      United Kingdom

                                                      Phone (01202)
                                                      659910



  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                    GLOSSARY

   * ACARS: Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
   * AM: amplitude modulation
   * ARINC: Aeronautical Radio, INC,  2551 Riva Road, Annapolis, MAryland
     21401, USA
   * ARQ: Automatic Repetition reQuest
   * BPS: Bit Per Second, e.g. real traffic flow (data rate).
   * BAUD: unit for the modulation rate, e.g. the opposite of the duration
     of the smallest transmitted element (for example, 50bauds corresponds
     to 20 ms elements).   Not equal to "BPS", because some types of
     modulation (for example MFSK) allows transmission of several bits
     simultaneously.
     The unit "baud" comes from the name of the French engineer Baudot who
     created the first 5 elements telegraph in the 19th century.
   * CW: Continuous Wave
   * DFSK: Direct Frequency Shift Keying (no subcarrier)
   * DGPS: Differential GPS
   * DSC: Digital Selective-Calling. In GMDSS, mode specified by
     recommendation ITU-R M.493-6.
   * FEC: Forward Error Correction
   * FFSK: Fast FSK
   * FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
   * GMDSS: Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
   * GPS: Global Positioning System (or Satellite)
   * INTERFACE: circuit transforming the audio signal from the speaker into
     the same but square signal compatible with the electric levels RS232
     of serial COM ports.
   * LSB: Low Side Band
   * MARK: data level 1 of a signal corresponding to the lower frequency
   * MMSI: Maritime Mobile Service Identity
   * MODEM: modulator/demodulator (only the demodulator function of a modem
     is needed for RadioRaft).
   * MODULATION: transformation of a data signal into a signal compatible
     with a transmission circuit. The process makes the data signal varies
     one or several parameters (amplitude, phase, frequency) of one or
     several "carriers" that form the transmitted signal.
   * MSK: Minimum Shift Keying
   * POCSAG: Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group
   * RQ: repetition request
   * SHIFT: frequency displacement of FSK signal within the lower and the
     higher frequencies
   * SPACE: data level 0 of a signal corresponding to the highter frequency
   * SYNCHRONIZATION: indication of a RadioRaft state in which a right bits
     pattern, characteristic of a mode, has been detected. RadioRaft is
     phasing with it.
   * TOR: Telex Over Radio.
   * USB: Up Side Band.
   * 1382: ST/PAA/TPA/1382, specification of a data and signalling
     transmission system from the "Centre National d'Etudes de
     Telecommunications" of France Telecom.




